Working Together: Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop
"Thus it is valid to state that the Kamoinge Workshop, while operating within an arena of negation, was primarily forged in an atmosphere of hope and not despair."
—Louis Draper
Welcome to an online presentation of the exhibitionWorking Togetherwhich opened February 2020. More information about the exhibition can be found on the exhibition page. Featured videos include a virtual tour of the exhibition in situ.
Working Together features more than 150 photographs by Richmond-born artist Louis Draper and other members of the Kamoinge Workshop, a photography collective he helped found in 1963. The exhibition includes valuable documents and publications related to the formation of the collective and explores the impact of this remarkable group of African American artists on the history of photography in the latter part of the twentieth century.
Introduction to the Kamoinge Workshop
In 1963 a group of African American photographers based in New York came together to form the Kamoinge Workshop.Working Together focuses on its first two decades and features the work of fifteen members who joined between 1963 and 1972. They include Anthony Barboza, Adger Cowans, Daniel Dawson, Roy DeCarava, Al Fennar, Ray Francis, Herman Howard, Jimmie Mannas, Herb Randall, Herb Robinson, Beuford Smith, Ming Smith, Shawn Walker, and Calvin Wilson, as well as Louis Draper, a Richmond native, whose archive inspired the exhibition.
The members chose the group’s name, Kamoinge, because it means “a group of people acting and working together” in Gikuyu, the language of the Kikuyu people of Kenya. In the early years, it operated as a formal group that voted on membership and recorded attendance, yet when asked what Kamoinge means to them now, nearly every member from this early period answers with a variation on “family.” While the artists maintained independent photography careers, they met weekly, usually on Sundays, to show each other their work and engage in a lively exchange of ideas. During that time, they organized exhibitions, produced portfolios, and mentored youth.
No exhibition can fully recreate the complexity of such a large and interconnected group; however, Working Together highlights some of the visual dialogues among the members’ photographs, while utilizing archival material to trace the group’s significant exhibitions and publications.
Kamoinge helped to shape a critical era of Black self-determination in the 1960s and 1970s, a period that coincided with a pivotal shift in photography’s wider acceptance as a powerful artistic medium.
Kamoinge Workshop Portraits
In 1972, Anthony Barboza made individual portraits of each member, which were displayed together at the group’s exhibition at the Studio Museum in Harlem. Later, Barboza asked each member to choose one of their own images to accompany their portrait and had them make fourteen prints. He then compiled the portraits and prints to create accordion bound books, which he gave to each of them as Christmas presents.
Louis Hansel Draper was born on September 24, 1935, in Henrico County, Virginia, just a few miles east of the Richmond city border. He grew up in a close-knit community in Richmond’s East End and attended Virginia State College (now University). During his senior year, he discovered Edward Steichen’s 1955 catalogue for the Museum of Modern Art’s Family of Man exhibition. The book was a revelation and turning point for Draper, convincing him of the power of photography. He moved to New York City in 1957 and studied with W. Eugene Smith, one of the most lauded photojournalists of the time, working as his assistant from 1959 to 1961.
A network of friendships between African American photographers who met in New York grew into two separate groups in the early 1960s: Kamoinge and Group 35. Draper attended both, and in 1963 they merged to form the Kamoinge Workshop. As a community and as an ideal, Kamoinge was inextricably linked to Draper’s identity and work for the rest of his life.
Draper played a key role in shaping the collective by articulating its early vision in writing. His poems frame Kamoinge’s two portfolios and he wrote various histories of the group. The concept for this exhibition emerged from the wealth of Draper’s archive of photographs, related manuscripts, and materials. In the spirit of Kamoinge, several other members—especially Shawn Walker, Beuford Smith, and Anthony Barboza—opened their own extensive archives to provide valuable material and context about the group’s early years.
In 2015 VMFA acquired Draper’s complete archive from his sister, Nell Draper-Winston. The archive consists of more than 6,600 items (representing more than 50,000 images), including photographs, negatives, contact sheets, slides, computer disks, audiovisual materials, and camera equipment, as well as valuable documents and publications, which include significant materials about the formation and early years of the Kamoinge Workshop. Thanks to a generous grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Draper archive is now completely catalogued, digitized, and available online.
Roy DeCarava’s photographs in the 1955 book The Sweet Flypaper of Life, which he made in collaboration with the poet Langston Hughes, was a touchstone for Kamoinge members. Beyond their aesthetic influence, the book’s photographs expressed DeCarava’s commitment to making images of the African American community.
In 1952 DeCarava received a Guggenheim fellowship that provided a year’s leave from his job to dedicate to photography. DeCarava said he wanted to take photographs that communicated “the strength, the wisdom, the dignity” of African Americans in Harlem, offering “the kind of penetrating insight and understanding” only an African American photographer could provide. DeCarava’s vision guided the collective’s early conversations about its shared identity. He was invited to serve as Kamoinge’s first president in 1963, a role he filled until he left the group in June 1965.
The Kamoinge Workshop began as a community of photographers who supported and encouraged one another. Within their first year, they also committed to portraying the communities around them. As they stated in the frontispieces for their first two portfolios: “The Kamoinge Workshop represents black photographers whose creative objectives reflect a concern for truth about the world, about the society, and about themselves.”
Years later Louis Draper expanded on this statement:
Cognizant of the forces for change revolving around Kamoinge, we dedicated ourselves to speak of our lives as only we can. This was our story to tell and we set out to create the kind of images of our communities that spoke of the truth we’d witnessed and that countered the untruths we’d all seen in mainline publications.
Many of the Kamoinge members were dedicated to teaching and mentoring youth. They taught in programs from Brooklyn and Harlem to the Bronx, equipping a younger generation with the technical and philosophical knowledge needed to make their own representations of their communities. From 1966 through 1968, Jimmie Mannas, Ray Francis, Herb Randall, and Lou Draper worked for the federally funded Neighborhood Youth Corps, as part of the Bedford-Stuyvesant Youth in Action program, training teenagers in all aspects of photography. Then, in the late 1960s, Draper and Danny Dawson taught a summer teen photography program and Draper participated in a youth mentorship program in the Bronx. The teens featured in these portraits participated in these programs.
Although most Kamoinge members would resist the label of civil rights photographer—which conjures violent images of fire hoses and attack dogs—Draper’s various histories emphasized that the collective formed in the midst of the movement. As he described:
Many of the group had been a part of the “March on Washington” with Reverend King. Others had witnessed southern law brutality brought on by voting rights activity and sit-in demonstrations. Within a year’s time, these same volatile forces would propel many of us into engaged and enraged resistance.
Part of their resistance was to make images of African Americans that were lacking from the national conversation. Some members photographed leading figures and pivotal events of the civil rights movement. Many of their images, however, engaged the theme of civil rights on a symbolic level—such as the American flags woven throughout the photographs shown here—rather than serve as a journalistic record of the movement.
Pork Chop Davis, 125th and Lenox Ave. (Primary Title)
In the summer of 1964, some of the Kamoinge members who lived in Harlem documented the aftermath of the July riots. Roy DeCarava, on assignment for Newsweek, posed Walker, Francis, and Draper for a close-up, which became the cover of the magazine’s August 3, 1964, issue headlined “Harlem: Hatred on the Streets.” In 1995, Draper recalled:
We were caught up in the riots in very strange ways. This picture (you’re seeing) is supposedly of three angry revolutionaries. Harlem was so dangerous at the time that most of the photographers who would normally do this, mainly the white photographers, didn’t want to come up to make photographs of what was going on. Reluctantly Newsweek hired Roy DeCarava. They needed a cover. Roy knew that we would do it for him. He asked us to sit and look angry for him. We were having a ball. It was a hot, muggy day and we were kidding around until the white art director chided. “You boys don’t look angry enough.” We got pissed and Roy got his picture.
In 1971, Essence magazine sent Draper on assignment to Mississippi to photograph civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer. Known for fearlessness and strength in the midst of violence and intimidation, Hamer had been arrested and severely beaten by police in 1963 for her work on voter registration drives. She gained national attention when she returned to her activism in the mid-1960s, and this portrait visually distills her voice. To see the entire article, click on the Essence magazine cover below.
A Global Perspective
Years before most of the Kamoinge Workshop members began traveling internationally, their choice of a name from the Gikuyu people of Kenya emphasized their global perspective. Kenya had gained independence from colonial rule the same year Kamoinge was formed. The decolonization movement swept across the African continent from the mid-1950s through the 1960s, a timeline that is roughly analogous with the United States civil rights movement. Draper noted: “Of even greater significance (to the solidification of the Kamoinge Workshop) was the volatile political climate of the 1960s and the emerging African consciousness exploding within us.”
Many members traveled to Africa or other countries with significant African diaspora communities from the late 1960s through the 1970s. These photographs were made in Senegal, Cuba, Jamaica, Guyana, and Suriname. Members also depicted Black communities in the United States engaging in a pan-African dialogue.
African American Day Parade, W. 113 St., Harlem (Primary Title)
"Akin to Jazz"
Music held a central role for Kamoinge. Jazz was a near constant soundtrack for the group’s meetings, and musicians and live performances were the subject of many of their photographs. Jazz also served as a metaphor for photography itself. Rhythm, timing, and improvisation are key elements in street photography as well as experimental abstraction. In a group discussion in Black Creation in 1972, Draper likened the possibility of a Black aesthetic in photography to jazz, explaining: “The whole idea of making synonymous your feelings for the camera with your life experience is something that takes a while to develop. It would be, I imagine, akin to jazzand akin to certain very distinctly black outlets.”
Sun Ra space II, New York City, New York (Primary Title)
Shadows, Reflections, and Abstractions
While Kamoinge has often been associated with street photography, abstraction was always a crucial part of the conversation. Draper, Fennar, and Cowans all came into the group having already developed abstract photographic practices in addition to a realist style. By the late 1960s and the 1970s, many of the younger members also began experimenting with abstraction, leading to a group dialogue around shadows, reflections, and identity.
Although the Kamoinge Workshop’s membership remained static for over twenty years, it engaged a broader community of Black photographers throughout its history. The Black Photographers Annual and the International Black Photographers both illustrate the ways in which Kamoinge honored the generation of photographers who preceded them and encouraged the younger group of photographers emerging around them.
After major exhibitions at the Studio Museum in Harlem in 1972 and the International Center for Photography in 1975, they did not organize Kamoinge Workshop exhibitions or produce publications again until the mid-1990s. The group never disbanded, and the members maintained close, supportive relationships throughout these years. They resumed formal meetings again in 1992, applied for nonprofit status, and renamed themselves Kamoinge, Inc. The influx of more members brought new energy and renewed discussion about the group’s purpose and direction, signaling a different era for its identity. Kamoinge, Inc. carries on the legacy of the Kamoinge Workshop and currently has more than thirty members who continue to meet regularly and organize exhibitions, among other projects.
The Black Photographers Annual
Founded by Beuford Smith and published by Joe Crawford, the first volume of TheBlack Photographers Annual came out in 1973, followed by three more volumes in 1974, 1976, and 1980. The majority of the picture editors for the Annual were Kamoinge members; however, the 118 artists featured throughout its four volumes far exceeded the boundaries of the collective. The idea for the project had emerged from a decade of conversations within Kamoinge about expanding opportunities for African American photographers.
In these five photographs, Barboza documented Joe Crawford, Beuford Smith, Louis Draper, Ray Francis, Shawn Walker, and Vance Allen as they put together the first volume.
The editors invited author Toni Morrison, already well known for her first novel, The Bluest Eye, to write a brief forward, where she succinctly outlined the new publication’s purpose:
It was conceived as a commitment to the community of Black artists, executed as a glorious display of their craft and their perception. . . . There is no higher praise for any project than that it is rare, true, and free. And isn’t that what art is all about? And isn’t that what we are all about?
The Black Photographers AnnualVolume 3 / with a foreword by Gordon Parks and an introduction by James Baldwin
International Black Photographers
In the late 1970s, several members of the Kamoinge Workshop joined with other photographers to begin a new group with a broader membership, the International Black Photographers. Soon after forming, the organization threw a dinner honoring James VanDerZee and Roy DeCarava. These dinners became an annual event through 1982, offering tributes to “outstanding elders of Black photography,” such as, P. H. Polk, Gordon Parks, Chuck Stewart, Moneta Sleet Jr., Morgan and Marvin Smith, and Richard Saunders. Anthony Barboza’s group portraits document the four dinners and underline how crucial this photographic community was in honoring the work of elders while encouraging the next generation of young photographers.